As far as having "more that a page of bookmarks" and not being able to see them in the Bookmarks Sidebar, are those bookmarks saved in Google and associated the the Google Toolbar extension that you have installed?

In the Bookmarks Sidebar in Firefox you should have three folders, labeled Bookmarks Toobar, Bookmarks Menu, and Unsorted Bookmarks; do you see those three folders?
You might be able to see a lot more than that if any of those folders are opened, but that is the minimum you should see.

I don't have Google Toolbar. I do not see the three folders.

The Firefox browser that you posted here with says the Google Toolbar 7.1 is installed.

Please provide a screenshot of what you are talking about.
http://www.wikihow.com/Take-a-Screenshot-in-Microsoft-Windows
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/setup/tips/screenshot.mspx

https://support.mozilla.com/en-US/kb/Adding+screenshots

Google Toolbar is installed, but I don't use it. I tried the print screen. It worked fine, but I was trying to print it with bookmarks displayed. As soon as I hit ALT, the bookmarks disappeared. All I want to show you is the bookmark list appears when I click Bookmarks. The list extends down the page and onto a second page. When I try to organize them, all I see is the attachment.

If you aren't even using the Google Toolbar extension, un-install it. It has been known to cause a variety of problems in Firefox.

From that screenshot of the Library, I'd guess that your places.sqlite file is corrupt. A lot more is missing than just two folders, there should also be History and Tags folders there.

Open the Bookmarks Sidebar using either View > Sidebar > Bookmarks or {Ctrl + B} - that won't disappear when you hit the Alt key for doing a screenshot.

I uninstalled Google Toolbar. How do I rebuild the places.sqlite file? No matter how I try to open the Bookmarks, they disappear as soon as I hit ALT.

See:

• http://kb.mozillazine.org/Locked_or_damaged_places.sqlite