Although rare, I have occasionally seen instances where a folder was marked read-only. I suggest checking that in windows file explorer. That may not be it, but worth a check.

My inbox folder has the "Read Only" box blacked out (as opposed to check mark) which is apparently normal and I don't have the ability to change.

"blacked out' doesn't seem to be normal. If this is an IMAP account, you could delete the folder and its msf file and restart thunderbird, which would repopulate the folder.

It turns out, all of my folders, including ones I have created, show the blacked out square for Attributes>"Read Only (Only applies to files in folder)" The files in the folder are not necessarily read only so it is confusing. If I change this setting in Properties and click "Apply" it will revert back to the blacked out square next time I visit the folder. This is why I think it is a common thing across the Win10 platform. My email account is a pop.Mail account.