All Products Support Forum

The latest update added a new warning to the "Forget About This Site" feature. I use this sometimes, and when I saw this warning for the first time yesterday, I knew it was going to be a pain in the arse. I understand it's useful to some people, but I do not want to see it every time. How do I disable this warning?

System: MSI B640 Tomahawk. I5 10600KU 32GB RAM

Video: MSI 3070 X3

System Drive: 250GB fast Samsung SSD, with 50% free.

System OS: W10Pro_x64 21H1, Defender, no Firewall, no extra AV. Firefox_93.0_x64

Network: TYPE: Dedicated FIBER LAN Provider: Telenet Account Type: FIBER_200 Plus +

Addons: Adblock + µblock FBPurity Block Sender New Tab Override Cookie Manager and Cookie quick Manager Auto-High-Quality for youtube Ant Downloader Video Downloadhelper Cute Save Button WebP Image Converter Translate Web Page

Additional Information: Open Pinned Tabs: In between 25 and 60, depending on my current activities.

Tried: Disabling each add-on until all were off. Safe Start. Nothing helps.

Understandings: 1) No browser is made to run up to 60 open tabs (possibly even more)!!! 2) I run a "plethora" (compared to most users) if add-ons; these also bring the use speed down. 3) Resource used: 2GB (with "mere 30 pages" open.

BUT: DESPITE that: I ALSO understand that, considering my system and Network Type, it should not even be problematic with 200 pages open at once. 2GB over 32GB of RAM? Not the slightest issue (and it often runs at 4GB RAM in use). My CPU never runs half high, even when I have like 60 pages open: Should not be an issue then either. My Video Card has plenty resource over as well when at highest for me usage." Again, it should be no issue. My Fiber Netware? Telenet BVBA, Mechelen Test results: Ping: 5ms Jitter: 2ms Download: 904.2 Mbps Upload: 038.3 Mbps Not the best, not the worst, but for simple browsing, more than, I would assume, plenty.

So, what gives, what is the issue? No extreme strain on the system, no background high-resource issues, sure: one or two add-ons in Firefox but these as well do not strain my system, no AV issues, no Firewall issues (I turned that off, I fail to get the need for one as a house-dog-tree user), yet slow performance. Also, while 30'ish tabs running, 2GB used of RAM? My my, what the hell do they do as Site Admins to have these amounts (and NO, I do not do porn, thank you.  :P I am well aware of other people having insane issues surfing porn, as I helped many of these folks)? Sure, Deviant is a larger one that is open, being a graphical site, but like Quora, FB, Hot- and G-Mail and similar, these ain't, so to get a 2GB usage is weird, I would assume. I said, assume: yes, I am not specifically an internet know-all, I know of networking as a former NOVEL Netware Supervisor under UNIX (also Spupervisor), but Networking in a company is not the same as internet.

So, what is going on, why is my browser so slow? Having turned of all and 1 page open it's lightning fast, but now ... So, it is the open tabs, and the add-ons, though when turned off, I see no real difference. Brings it to tabs. How come, it is this "heavy", even for my system, please?

Thank you. Xog.

After hard drive problems I had to re-install Thunderbird, using a previously backed-up profile set. It's running OK, collecting emails and has all the historic emails present. But I cannot reply to any emails, the Send button is greyed out. Turns out the Address Book is empty, and I cannot add anything to it either. The abook.sqlite and history.sqlite files obviously have plenty of content looking at the size of them. How can I repair the address book please?

I recently upgraded to Ubuntu 21.10 and lost access to my to google calendars. I was running the Google Calendar add on. This was asking me to log in to to my google account, this account has two factor authentication enabled. I have many attempts to try and complete the two step process. But all end in failure.

1. I enter my google username. 2. I enter my google password. 3. This brings up a greyed out screen with a rotating icon saying that two factor authentication is being attempted. This eventually times out with a generic error condition. 4. I then try one of the numerous alternative authentication methods. The ones a can use all end up at the same failure as follows. 5. The two step process completes and brings the permissions screen. 6. I select the permission I want - read write access. 7. This then fails with the error shown in the attached image.

I removed the add and tried the new method of adding calendars from the calendar screen. Thats failed in the same way.

All help gratefully received.

Roger

So one of my Thunderbird profiles stopped being able to send emails. Hit the send button and nothing happens. One of my accounts in same folder is greyed out.

I have tried reinstalling, cleaning up profile, rebuilding folders. Updating did not work and I think that may have broke it (versioun 91.2 x32)

Restarted with no add ons, checked language. Tried a different SMTP server, nothing works. No error at all. Windows 10 64

On October 7th I upgraded to Windows 11 and October 6th is the last date Thunderbird can search in body text of emails. I deleted index database, regenerated it again, nothing helps. How can I fix this? Thank you.

userchrome.css

I open several emails. I use Ctrl-1 and Ctrl-9 to go back and forth.

I deleted C:\Users\user\AppData\Roaming\Thunderbird\Profiles\9azxazfvuzfa.default-release\session.json as I couldn't remove the last session when I closed TB.

Now I sometimes get blank tabs along with blank emails.

Delete the file again? Did I mess myself up somehow?

Thanks.

This morning my web browser loaded a page saying Thunderbird had been updated to the latest version, 91.2.0. When I tried to start Thunderbird it crashed. Thunderbird has been crashing all day, every time I try to load it. I have attempted to fix the problem by restarting my computer, uninstalling and reinstalling Thunderbird, downloading an older version of Thunderbird (91.1.2), and holding down the shift key and attempting to start in troubleshoot mode, and disable all add-ons. Nothing I have tried has worked. The best I can do is get Thunderbird to load up for a second before it crashes. I have sent in dozens of crash reports detailing the problem.

This is the data from the latest crash report:

AdapterDeviceID: 0x1382 AdapterDriverVersion: 30.0.14.7141 AdapterSubsysID: 106510de AdapterVendorID: 0x10de Add-ons: google%40search.mozilla.org:1.0,amazondotcom%40search.mozilla.org:1.1,bing%40search.mozilla.org:1.0,ddg%40search.mozilla.org:1.0,wikipedia%40search.mozilla.org:1.0,default-theme%40mozilla.org:1.2 AvailablePageFile: 8127602688 AvailablePhysicalMemory: 6552621056 AvailableVirtualMemory: 138530895261696 BlockedDllList: BreakpadReserveAddress: 1827512516608 BreakpadReserveSize: 83886080 BuildID: 20210924213438 CPUMicrocodeVersion: 0xd4 ContentSandboxCapable: 1 ContentSandboxLevel: 1 ContentSandboxWin32kState: Win32k Lockdown disabled -- Preference not set CrashTime: 1633909688 DOMIPCEnabled: 1 FramePoisonBase: 9223372036600889344 FramePoisonSize: 65536 GPUProcessLaunchCount: 1 GPUProcessStatus: Running InstallTime: 1633908815 LauncherProcessState: 0 ModuleSignatureInfo: {"Microsoft Corporation":["msvcp140.dll","VCRUNTIME140.dll"],"Microsoft Windows":["TaskFlowDataEngine.dll","ntshrui.dll","explorerframe.dll","dataexchange.dll","linkinfo.dll","twinapi.dll","OneCoreCommonProxyStub.dll","NapiNSP.dll","pnrpnsp.dll","winrnr.dll","cdp.dll","ondemandconnroutehelper.dll","cscapi.dll","directmanipulation.dll","Windows.Globalization.dll","DWrite.dll","wscapi.dll","msi.dll","wininet.dll","webauthn.dll","InputHost.dll","textinputframework.dll","Windows.UI.dll","wsock32.dll","dbgcore.dll","BCP47mrm.dll","dbghelp.dll","iertutil.dll","srvcli.dll","urlmon.dll","Bcp47Langs.dll","usp10.dll","winmm.dll","AudioSes.dll","rasadhlp.dll","msimg32.dll","npmproxy.dll","FWPUCLNT.DLL","OneCoreUAPCommonProxyStub.dll","dhcpcsvc6.DLL","dhcpcsvc.dll","MMDevAPI.dll","icm32.dll","version.dll","winnsi.dll","ColorAdapterClient.dll","mscms.dll","twinapi.appcore.dll","WindowManagementAPI.dll","winhttp.dll","wshbth.dll","netprofm.dll","policymanager.dll","avrt.dll","nlaapi.dll","propsys.dll","wtsapi32.dll","dsreg.dll","WinTypes.dll","d3d11.dll","dcomp.dll","CoreUIComponents.dll","CoreMessaging.dll","uxtheme.dll","dwmapi.dll","kernel.appcore.dll","windows.storage.dll","dxgi.dll","ntmarta.dll","winsta.dll","rsaenh.dll","msvcp110_win.dll","umpdc.dll","IPHLPAPI.DLL","netutils.dll","dnsapi.dll","powrprof.dll","mswsock.dll","cryptsp.dll","CRYPTBASE.DLL","wldp.dll","msasn1.dll","devobj.dll","sspicli.dll","userenv.dll","profapi.dll","msvcp_win.dll","crypt32.dll","gdi32full.dll","win32u.dll","bcryptPrimitives.dll","bcrypt.dll","KERNELBASE.dll","wintrust.dll","cfgmgr32.dll","ucrtbase.dll","advapi32.dll","SHCore.dll","msvcrt.dll","clbcatq.dll","oleaut32.dll","sechost.dll","rpcrt4.dll","shlwapi.dll","ws2_32.dll","ole32.dll","gdi32.dll","combase.dll","setupapi.dll","nsi.dll","kernel32.dll","psapi.dll","user32.dll","shell32.dll","imagehlp.dll","msctf.dll","imm32.dll","ntdll.dll"],"Mozilla Corporation":["libotr.dll","libssp-0.dll","thunderbird.exe","rnp.dll","xul.dll","nssckbi.dll","freebl3.dll","nss3.dll","softokn3.dll","mozglue.dll","ldap60.dll","lgpllibs.dll","prldap60.dll"]} Notes: FP(D00-L1000-W00001000-T000) DWrite? DWrite+ WR? WR+ OMTP? OMTP- ProductID: {3550f703-e582-4d05-9a08-453d09bdfdc6} ProductName: Thunderbird ReleaseChannel: release SafeMode: 0 SecondsSinceLastCrash: 724 StartupCrash: 0 StartupTime: 1633909679 SystemMemoryUsePercentage: 61 TelemetryEnvironment: {"build":{"applicationId":"{3550f703-e582-4d05-9a08-453d09bdfdc6}","applicationName":"Thunderbird","architecture":"x86-64","buildId":"20210924213438","version":"91.1.2","vendor":null,"displayVersion":"91.1.2","platformVersion":"91.1.0","xpcomAbi":"x86_64-msvc","updaterAvailable":true},"partner":{"distributionId":null,"distributionVersion":null,"partnerId":null,"distributor":null,"distributorChannel":null,"partnerNames":[]},"system":{"memoryMB":16323,"virtualMaxMB":134217728,"cpu":{"extensions":["hasMMX","hasSSE","hasSSE2","hasSSE3","hasSSSE3","hasSSE4_1","hasSSE4_2","hasAVX","hasAVX2","hasAES"]},"os":{"name":"Windows_NT","version":"10.0","locale":"en-US","servicePackMajor":0,"servicePackMinor":0,"windowsBuildNumber":19042,"windowsUBR":1237},"hdd":{"profile":{"model":null,"revision":null,"type":null},"binary":{"model":null,"revision":null,"type":null},"system":{"model":null,"revision":null,"type":null}},"gfx":{"D2DEnabled":false,"DWriteEnabled":true,"ContentBackend":"Skia","Headless":false,"EmbeddedInFirefoxReality":false,"adapters":[{"description":"NVIDIA GeForce GTX 745","vendorID":"0x10de","deviceID":"0x1382","subsysID":"106510de","RAM":4096,"driver":"C:\\WINDOWS\\System32\\DriverStore\\FileRepository\\nv_desktop_ref4i.inf_amd64_6ac872c5932b6bd5\\nvldumdx.dll,C:\\WINDOWS\\System32\\DriverStore\\FileRepository\\nv_desktop_ref4i.inf_amd64_6ac872c5932b6bd5\\nvldumdx.dll,C:\\WINDOWS\\System32\\DriverStore\\FileRepository\\nv_desktop_ref4i.inf_amd64_6ac872c5932b6bd5\\nvldumdx.dll,C:\\WINDOWS\\System32\\DriverStore\\FileRepository\\nv_desktop_ref4i.inf_amd64_6ac872c5932b6bd5\\nvldumdx.dll C:\\WINDOWS\\System32\\DriverStore\\FileRepository\\nv_desktop_ref4i.inf_amd64_6ac872c5932b6bd5\\nvldumd.dll,C:\\WINDOWS\\System32\\DriverStore\\FileRepository\\nv_desktop_ref4i.inf_amd64_6ac872c5932b6bd5\\nvldumd.dll,C:\\WINDOWS\\System32\\DriverStore\\FileRepository\\nv_desktop_ref4i.inf_amd64_6ac872c5932b6bd5\\nvldumd.dll,C:\\WINDOWS\\System32\\DriverStore\\FileRepository\\nv_desktop_ref4i.inf_amd64_6ac872c5932b6bd5\\nvldumd.dll","driverVendor":null,"driverVersion":"30.0.14.7141","driverDate":"7-12-2021","GPUActive":true}],"monitors":[{"screenWidth":1920,"screenHeight":1080,"refreshRate":60,"pseudoDisplay":false},{"screenWidth":1920,"screenHeight":1080,"refreshRate":60,"pseudoDisplay":false}],"features":{"compositor":"none","hwCompositing":{"status":"available"},"gpuProcess":{"status":"available"},"wrQualified":{"status":"available"},"webrender":{"status":"available"},"wrCompositor":{"status":"available"},"wrSoftware":{"status":"available"},"openglCompositing":{"status":"unused"},"omtp":{"status":"disabled:FEATURE_FAILURE_DISABLED"},"d3d11":{"status":"available","version":0,"warp":false,"textureSharing":false,"blocklisted":false},"d2d":{"status":"available","version":"1.1"}}},"appleModelId":null,"sec":{"antivirus":["Norton 360"],"antispyware":null,"firewall":["Norton 360"]}},"settings":{"blocklistEnabled":true,"e10sEnabled":true,"e10sMultiProcesses":8,"fissionEnabled":false,"telemetryEnabled":false,"locale":"en-US","intl":{},"update":{"channel":"release","enabled":true},"userPrefs":{"browser.cache.disk.capacity":1048576,"browser.search.region":"US","widget.content.allow-gtk-dark-theme":false,"widget.content.gtk-high-contrast.enabled":true},"sandbox":{"effectiveContentProcessLevel":1,"contentWin32kLockdownState":4},"launcherProcessState":0,"addonCompatibilityCheckEnabled":true,"isDefaultBrowser":null},"profile":{}} ThreadIdNameMapping: 24660:"IPC I/O Parent",23684:"Link Monitor #1",18388:"Socket Thread",20016:"Permission",23780:"Timer",19584:"BackgroundThreadPool #1",24876:"JS Watchdog",25404:"TaskController Thread #1",24280:"TaskController Thread #2",20916:"TaskController Thread #3",15020:"TaskController Thread #0",24808:"TaskController Thread #5",18408:"TaskController Thread #6",7180:"TaskController Thread #7",16740:"TaskController Thread #4",24264:"Cache2 I/O",25256:"Cookie",21400:"StreamTrans #1",9592:"Worker Launcher",16964:"VsyncIOThread",16568:"IPC Launch",23052:"WindowsVsyncThread",19648:"Compositor",23608:"ImageIO",22816:"IPDL Background",22756:"StreamTrans #2",17936:"QuotaManager IO",3504:"HTML5 Parser",22452:"StyleThread#0",19276:"StyleThread#1",17280:"StyleThread#3",5816:"StyleThread#4",14868:"StyleThread#5",24912:"StyleThread#2",21100:"StreamTrans #3",25048:"StreamTrans #4",24128:"StreamTrans #5",23092:"IndexedDB #1",13004:"ImageBridgeChld",24236:"RemoteBackbuffer",24048:"DOM Worker",22192:"ProxyResolution",21832:"Untrusted Modules",16460:"mozStorage #1",20260:"PlayEventSound",3740:"ProcessHangMon",22188:"GMPThread",15156:"RemoteBackbuffer",14236:"RemoteBackbuffer",7816:"RemoteBackbuffer",20064:"RemoteBackbuffer",22372:"RemoteBackbuffer",16984:"BgIOThreadPool #1",22684:"TRR Background",1348:"Jump List",24588:"DNS Resolver #1",25180:"DNS Resolver #2",17172:"mozStorage #4",3000:"SSL Cert #1", Throttleable: 1 TotalPageFile: 24900366336 TotalPhysicalMemory: 17115738112 TotalVirtualMemory: 140737488224256 URL: UptimeTS: 89.22 Version: 91.1.2 Winsock_LSP: MSAFD Tcpip [TCP/IP] : 2 : 2 : 1 : 6 : 0x20066 : 0x8 : %SystemRoot%\system32\mswsock.dll :  : e70f1aa0-ab8b-11cf-8ca3-00805f48a192

MSAFD Tcpip [UDP/IP] : 2 : 2 : 2 : 17 : 0x20609 : 0x8 : %SystemRoot%\system32\mswsock.dll :  : e70f1aa0-ab8b-11cf-8ca3-00805f48a192 
MSAFD Tcpip [RAW/IP] : 2 : 2 : 3 : 0 : 0x20609 : 0xc : %SystemRoot%\system32\mswsock.dll :  : e70f1aa0-ab8b-11cf-8ca3-00805f48a192 
MSAFD Tcpip [TCP/IPv6] : 2 : 23 : 1 : 6 : 0x20066 : 0x8 : %SystemRoot%\system32\mswsock.dll :  : f9eab0c0-26d4-11d0-bbbf-00aa006c34e4 
MSAFD Tcpip [UDP/IPv6] : 2 : 23 : 2 : 17 : 0x20609 : 0x8 : %SystemRoot%\system32\mswsock.dll :  : f9eab0c0-26d4-11d0-bbbf-00aa006c34e4 
MSAFD Tcpip [RAW/IPv6] : 2 : 23 : 3 : 0 : 0x20609 : 0xc : %SystemRoot%\system32\mswsock.dll :  : f9eab0c0-26d4-11d0-bbbf-00aa006c34e4 
AF_UNIX : 2 : 1 : 1 : 0 : 0x20026 : 0x8 : %SystemRoot%\system32\mswsock.dll :  : a00943d9-9c2e-4633-9b59-0057a3160994 
RSVP TCPv6 Service Provider : 2 : 23 : 1 : 6 : 0x22066 : 0x8 : %SystemRoot%\system32\mswsock.dll :  : 9d60a9e0-337a-11d0-bd88-0000c082e69a 
RSVP TCP Service Provider : 2 : 2 : 1 : 6 : 0x22066 : 0x8 : %SystemRoot%\system32\mswsock.dll :  : 9d60a9e0-337a-11d0-bd88-0000c082e69a 
RSVP UDPv6 Service Provider : 2 : 23 : 2 : 17 : 0x22609 : 0x8 : %SystemRoot%\system32\mswsock.dll :  : 9d60a9e0-337a-11d0-bd88-0000c082e69a 
RSVP UDP Service Provider : 2 : 2 : 2 : 17 : 0x22609 : 0x8 : %SystemRoot%\system32\mswsock.dll :  : 9d60a9e0-337a-11d0-bd88-0000c082e69a 
Hyper-V RAW : 2 : 34 : 1 : 1 : 0x20026 : 0x8 : %SystemRoot%\system32\mswsock.dll :  : 1234191b-4bf7-4ca7-86e0-dfd7c32b5445 
MSAFD L2CAP [Bluetooth] : 2 : 32 : 1 : 256 : 0x20006 : 0x8 : %SystemRoot%\system32\mswsock.dll :  : 9fc48064-7298-43e4-b7bd-181f2089792a 
MSAFD RfComm [Bluetooth] : 2 : 32 : 1 : 3 : 0x20026 : 0x8 : %SystemRoot%\system32\mswsock.dll :  : 9fc48064-7298-43e4-b7bd-181f2089792a

useragent_locale: en-US

This report also contains technical information about the state of the application when it crashed.

I have used Firefox on Tues, but starting yesterday I am unable to open the browser at all. I uninstalled and reinstalled multiple times and haven't had any success. I recently end tasked Cortana. Is that why I can't open the browser? Or is it something else. Please help. Nothing online seems to work for me. Mind you I can open and use other browsers. Thank you in advance.

• • • i get no other explanation from firefox. just the crash reporter popup and maybe a "do you want to refresh" popup.

Hello,

I have 4 devices (2 laptops, 1 phone and 1 PC), which I logged in to my Firefox account in all of them. I can see my bookmarks in all except for the PC (Windows 10). I can not see my pc under the connected devices from all other devices but I can not access my bookmarks from the browser that I am using on my PC. Can you please guide me how to fix this issue.

Thank you, Afsane

Hi,

I have been using Firefox sync for many years now. I just got a new computer and when I tried to connect with my account, I received a message saying Firefox has locked my account.

Would you please fix this asap? I use your browser to work and not having my account back would force me to switch to Chromium, which I don't want to. Please note my account and my email address are both legit. Thanks

Win10 latest, TB 91.2.0.

Server info: IMAP: mail.fudan.edu.cn:993, TLS SMTP: mail.fudan.edu.cn:465, TLS

I tried "set MOZ_LOG=IMAP:5,timestamp" but cannot see any output.

IMAP connect via openssl s_client seems OK. TLS version is 1.2.

$ openssl s_client -crlf -connect mail.fudan.edu.cn:993 CONNECTED(00000003) depth=2 C = US, ST = New Jersey, L = Jersey City, O = The USERTRUST Network, CN = USERTrust RSA Certification Authority verify return:1 ... --- SSL handshake has read 5376 bytes and written 435 bytes Verification: OK --- New, TLSv1.2, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 Server public key is 2048 bit ... ---

• OK Coremail System IMap Server Ready(fudan.edu.cn[f16f85d74eec5537c06c06caf66bbcbf])

a001 CAPABILITY

• CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 XLIST SPECIAL-USE ID LITERAL+ STARTTLS ENABLE UTF8=APPEND UTF8=USER UTF8=ALL

a001 OK CAPABILITY completed a002 LOGIN chenchen20@fudan.edu.cn PASSWORDHERE a002 OK LOGIN completed a003 list "" "*"

• LIST () "/" "INBOX"
• LIST (\Drafts) "/" "Drafts"
• LIST (\Sent) "/" "Sent Items"
• LIST (\Trash) "/" "Trash"
• LIST (\Junk) "/" "Junk E-mail"
• LIST () "/" "Virus Items"

a003 OK LIST Completed

I can also successfully send email via SMTP (smtps) via TB.

I can provide a temporary password to who wish to debug.

Good day. My Thunderbird updated to version 91.2.0 Since then, when I press the Delete key, the program does not respond to the mouse wheel. When a message is displayed, I use the mouse wheel to move the message up/down. Now, however, there are a few moments where the program does not respond to the wheel. I have to wait a bit or click on the program window to continue.

I created a bug report: Bug 1735988 Opened 6 days ago https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1735988 When press 'Delete' while reading message, Thunderbird window loses focus

(In reply to WaltS48 [:walts48] from comment #7) >> I can not reproduce and think you should look for your issue, or post it at [Thunderbird Support](https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/products/thunderbird).

This has occurred only since the recent update. When I send a message, TB will pop up a window show Status: Sending message... and the Progress bar goes to 100%. But it never completes. If I cancel the message, generally it was not sent as there is nothing in the sent folder, although once or twice it did send even though I cancelled, but that may have been after letting it sit for an hour before cancelling. I found if I cancel right away and then resend, it sometimes it goes thru, and then it works for a while. But I've also had it grey out the main screen and the message composition window when sending a signed email with an attachment, and I eventually terminated and restarted TB after waiting an hour. Afraid I haven't done a scientific assessment of cause and effect when using signed vs. unsigned, with and w/out attachments, TB restart vs. continuous use, or laptop running vs. relogging in after auto-lock timeout. But it does seem to act normally once I get it to successfully send a message and I haven't let the computer lock.

I originally had the latest release version of Firefox but started to experience issues with certain banking websites, and misc printing issues. So I decided to downgrade from the release version to the extended support release.

I uninstalled the release version, and went into the Appdata folder and deleted anything Firefox related. Then I installed the ESR version. It worked fine for the day, but a restart the next day, I discovered that my install changed from ESR to the release channel. I once again went through the install process mentioned above, and the next day, the same thing happened. Any idea on why this might be changing?

Note: I have tried both the MSI and .exe versions and experience the same issue. I am the only one that logs into this workstation. This workstation is actually a Azure Virtual Desktop with a variation of windows 10. (Screenshot attached with the OS).